Don't have a topic choice one Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Don't have a topic choice one - Research Paper Example Despite the fact that various developments are considered to have taken place, some groups remained assertive that further action is needed to resolve gender issues. In some cases, media has been arguably blamed for frustrating the gender mainstreaming process as much as it is expected to play a pivotal role. This paper proposes a study to assess the role of media in reconciling gender issues, such as in terms of women representation and content inclusivity. Problem Statement Various developments have taken course regarding the gender issues. Some of the developments have pertained to media. Whereas some articles have pointed out that there are still problems within the media in supporting gender mainstreaming, there are those that insist media has made various developments in fostering gender mainstreaming. The question is then how these could be effectively ascertained. Importance of the Research Policymakers are concerned about the state of gender mainstreaming and the need to rea lize equality for all persons. This study would go a long way in informing the policy makers about the situation. This will in turn help formulate appropriate measures to address the problem. If the results would present the media positively, it would form a basis for the society to celebrate the achievements. Hypothesis H1: Media has responded positively to the requirements of gender mainstreaming. H2: Media has not aligned gender representation. H3: Media has not assured women about the inclusivity of content. Variables There are two variables that would be given uttermost considerations. These are media representation of media and inclusivity of media content regarding gender, as far as gender sensitivity is concerned. Aims of the Study 1. To find out the state of treatment of gender subject in the media. 2. To find out the state of women representation in the media. 3. To ascertain the state of content inclusivity with regard to media. 4. To suggest the need to take measures. Ba ckground and Literature review The subject of gender issues is traced to a period that was characterized by gender movement in Western society. This was in response to various discrimination policies. In America, women did not vote, access education, or even engage in politics. Rampant incidences of sexual violence directed at women were not uncommon. Worse still, women were always the main victims of domestic violence. Women were looked down upon and discriminated in all areas of life. However, the evolution of the world was accompanied by various changes pertaining to women rights owing to emergence of women rights movement so that there were various developments between 1900 and 1970 (Stratigaki, 2005). With several years down the line, it is expected that a lot of developments have taken place. As far as media and gender issues are concerned, literary works on gender issues are well documented. The United Nation Platform for Action (1996) singled out the portrayal of women in me dia as that marred with stereotypes, further singling out that women possessed limited access to the creation of the products of the media, as well as in making decisions pertaining to media and culture. Woodward (2003) defines gender mainstreaming as the process where the public policy gender element is recognized and incorporated into gender dimensions in policy provision. Gender mainstreaming is characterized by a set of three essential elements, which include equal

For Poorer and For Poorer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Poorer and For Poorer - Essay Example As an initial matter, it must be noted that changing economic conditions do seem to affect both work roles and family roles in relationships. As noted by Hansen, in general terms, the changed economic conditions have resulted in "more fighting, postponed weddings, and less sex" (2003: np). The most immediate effect is the postponement of weddings. Rather than pursuing traditional roles as husband and wife, because of the large expenses associated with formal weddings, couples are delaying marriage while awaiting better economic times. In addition, young couples are hesitant to have children when they are unable to take care of themselves adequately. The family roles are consequently replaced by a more permanent boyfriend-girlfriend role and the relationships assume a less secure status. There is less romance, less self-esteem, and less sex. In addition to the alteration of family roles, there have also been alterations of traditional work roles. Couples are confronted with periods of unemployment and underemployment. Some people have admitted to removing advanced academic degrees in an effort to find jobs for which they are overqualified. In sum, the recent economic instability has affected both family roles and work roles in negative ways. In addition, a comparison of the idealism of the 1990s with the current period of economic instability highlights the very real financial pressures that young couples are experiencing.

The Role of Media on Emergency Contraception Essay Example for Free

The Role of Media on Emergency Contraception Essay The purpose of this paper is to examine the role media has played in shaping public perception of emergency contraception. Some of the major issues found in the key findings of empirical studies and current cognition, and the relevance for everyday life will all be discussed. Media such as news and internet represent the most easily remediable influence on people and their views even down to their sexual attitudes and behaviors. â€Å"In 1922, Lippmann argued that mass communication could become the basis for people’s views of the world† (Perse, 2001). After much empirical research, ninety years later there is no disbelief that the media can be very influential on many issues. The media has influenced popular opinion in many controversial matters and one of the most controversial is emergency contraception. What has been the role of the media in shaping public perception of emergency contraception? That very question is what this paper will address. Before examining the role media has played on the public’s perception it is important that a general understanding about what emergency contraception is be established. Emergency contraception (EC) or the morning after pill is a contraception that prevents pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse due to contraception failure, non-use or rape. EC may work in two ways: 1) by inhibiting ovulation or 2) by preventing the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus; however, it cannot work if you’re already pregnant. EC is not an abortion pill. Furthermore, use of EC can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy by up to 75%-89% if taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse or ontraception failure. According to the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals (ARHP) â€Å"unintended pregnancy continues to be a major public health issue in the United States. † Out of the 6-million pregnancies in the United States each year about one-half are unintended. (See Figure 1) Figure [ 1 ] Annual Pattern of Pregnancies in the United States: Intended versus unintended (6. 3million pregnancies totals). Data Source: Association of Re productive Health Professionals October 16, 2012. After several years of petitioning by various officialdoms the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finally approved EC for over the counter (OTC) sale to women 17 years of age and older in 2009. However, recent research has shown that EC seems to be underused. Whereas access to EC has been improved â€Å"its success is linked to the dissemination of accurate information about EC via trusted informational sources, such as family, friends, healthcare providers, and the media† (Vahratian, Patel, Wolff, Xiao, 2008). Today information is gained from many different sources types, news stories which are ranked second according to how reliable they are generally perceived to be, the Internet and television; but not all sources convey accurate information. In 2010 the World Health Organization (WHO) put out an official report discussing the effects of media’s coverage on emergency contraception. According to the authors muck raking news analysis was most likely connected to why use of EC pills were still low and pregnancy rates still high. The WHO listed BBC as one of the news organizations inaccurately reporting on EC. Reports that â€Å"regular usage of emergency contraception may cause infertility and in some instances increase the risk of cancer† (Westley Glasier 2010) had only alarmed women and may have kept some from using the method when they needed it most. Sometimes these stories are picked up by Internet bloggers, reporters etc. and circulated like an illness. Today, the echo chamber that is the Internet can quickly spread and amplify media stories, particularly if they are sensational. An e-mail circulating for several years describes a true story of a woman who died of a stroke while on hormonal birth control; recently, this story morphed and now states the cause of death continuously taking the morning-after pill (Westley et al. , 2010). Stories such as that are then picked up by the populist and the disease of misinformation continues. Stretching half-truths to the point where people believe them . Education on EC continues to be very important aspect on perception and use. However, even in places where knowledge of EC is higher like in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, use stayed low. A big reason for this is that education on fertility, contraception and pregnancy risk is poor. Further compounded by factually incorrect media coverage, which Westley et al. considered to be motivated by concerns over sexual irresponsibility, and was hidden behind false scientific validation. Given that EC is now accessible OTC in the US to women who meet the age limit, proper public health messages should be established to increase women’s awareness of, dismiss myths about, and encourage correct use of emergency contraception as an instrument to help avoid unintended pregnancy and birth. â€Å"Accurate media coverage has played an important role in spreading the news about health risks, healthy behaviors and new products; sensationalist and frightening coverage can have the opposite effect†( Westley Glasier 2010), hence the significance of factual information. Subsequently media coverage that paints a negative light with inaccurate information has given sensationalists with an agenda fuel against EC use. This is often seen from politicians, religious groups and other activist. Essentially the right for a woman to choose has been tossed in the political ring. Thus the media jumps all over it playing it up. Some of these individuals believe that because EC pills may work by stopping the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus, that this is abortion. â€Å"The moral equivalent of homicide,† as Dr. Donna Harrison, is quoted, the director of research for the American Association of Pro-life Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Republican Party Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum have also made similar statements recently calling EC â€Å"abortive pills. † However, according to an article published recently in the New York Times theses qualms maybe unfounded. â€Å"It turns out that the politically charged debate over morning-after pills and abortion, a divisive issue in this election year, is probably rooted in outdated or incorrect scientific guesses about how the pills work† (Belluck, New York Times, 2012). It maybe that package labeling is the root to the fertilized egg debate. Leading scientists are saying that studies have not proven that EC pills inhibit fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. Rather they postpone ovulation, release of eggs from ovaries that happens before eggs are fertilized, and others â€Å"thicken cervical mucus so sperm have trouble swimming† (Belluck, New York Times, 2012). Obviously there is a need to re-educate policy makers (who hold women reproductive rights in their hands) on EC and advance their knowledge about EC. In addition, it’s also been reported that EC has slashed abortion rates but James Trussell, a Princeton population researcher said â€Å"The impact is still too small, considering that each year million American women have unintended pregnancies more than a million of which end in abortions† (Health Study, 2002). There were 47,000 fewer abortions that can be explained by the growth in EC use from 1994 to 2000 a forty-three percent drop. Figure 2 shows nationwide, the number of abortions. Similarly, the abortion rate declined 29 percent over the same period, from 27. 4 per 1,000 women aged 15-44 to 19. 4 per 1,000. Figure [ 2 ] Data Source: Ms. Magazine. com October 16, 2012 The chief concern in all of this and the relevance for everyday life is the health issues linked to unintended pregnancy. Now a common problem in the US approximately 1 in 20 women between the ages of 15 and 44 reported an unintended pregnancy in 2001. This epidemic of unintended pregnancy can have negative health repercussions for both the newborn and mother. Unintended pregnancy has been associated with delays in obtaining early prenatal care (sometimes connected with delays in pregnancy recognition) and delays in curtailing or ceasing tobacco and alcohol use, all of which can adversely affect fetal development. Women who have an unintended pregnancy are less likely to take vitamins and, consequently, have an increased risk of a neural tube defect in the fetus. Infants born to women who had not intended the pregnancy are more likely to be of low birth weight, premature and/or small for gestational age. In addition, there is some evidence that unintended pregnancy is associated with child abuse and neglect suggesting that unintended pregnancy can have long-term adverse health implications for the infant† (Goldsmith, 2008). Conclusions There is hardly any question if media influences not only views but behaviors of people. However, sometimes those influences may be factor on half-truths and misconceptions. Success or failure depends on the information received. Even though EC has been approved by the FDA research has still shown an under usage, and no expected impact on unintended pregnancy. According to WHO inaccurate muck raking reports are linked to why usage of EC is low. The Internet is also a place where misinformation is widely spread. Sensationalist, politicians and religious groups follow the misinformation as a platform to the agendas. This is hidden behind false scientific justification, and powered by the want to control a woman’s choice to reproductive health. While countering every health-related rumor on the Internet and inaccurate story in local newspapers and magazines is surely a fools errand, it is increasingly important to be ready with the facts when reporters, community members and patients voice concerns† (Westley et al. , 2010). It is important that accurate media coverage is conveyed not to ward off women if they are in need of EC. There are times and situations as rape or incest where access to EC can be better than the alternatives such as abortion. In addition, the general public must be informed of the attributes, side effects, and availability of EC. Based upon my research I found that EC maybe an underutilized resource because the big impression media leaves on people and their views. Lack of knowledge about EC continues to be a barrier to its use. It is my personal opinion that use and access to EC is better than the alternative of unintended pregnancies. Many people have their opinion on this matter case in point one I don’t agree with that of Richard Mourdock. Quote: â€Å"I’ve struggled with it myself for a long time, but I came to realize that life is that gift from God. And even when life begins in that horrible situation of rape, that it is something that God intended to happen† he says that he struggled with this issue, but he really has not, and never will. Policy makers who have never struggled to keep a rapist from violating their body, nor will ever grapple with the decision to end a pregnancy should not be the one deciding what should happen as a next step.

Effect of Vegetation on Slope Stability

Effect of Vegetation on Slope Stability 5.1 Introduction Incorporating the vegetation effect in slope stability has been used for many years in geotechnical engineering. The vegetation effect on slope stability usually ignored in conventional slope analysis and it is considered as a minor effects. Although the vegetation effect on slopes qualitatively appreciated after the pioneer quantitative research. The vegetation cover is recognized in urban environment and it is generally utilized along transportation corridors such as highways and railway, river channels, canals, mine waste slopes and artificially made sloping ground. There are some remedial techniques for soil stabilizations in civil engineering practice such as geosynthetic reinforcement or soil nailing are often used at slopes at great expense, but now many parts of the world considered sustainable alternative methods such as using the vegetation cover or soil bioengineering in civil engineering applications. This method reduces the cost and local labour force and it is environmental friendly method. The vegetation cover, the roots draw out moisture from soil slopes through evapo-transpitation leads to shrinking and swelling in soil. After prolonged wet and dry period, it is possible to foam cracks at dry period due to reduction of moisture content from vegetation covers. 5.2 Influence of vegetation The vegetation effect influence on soil slopes, generally classified into two types, they are mechanical and hydrological effects. The hydrological effect is responsible for soil moisture content, increasing the evapo-transpiration and resulting increasing the soil matric suction. Water is removed from the soil region in several ways, either evaporation from the ground surface or by evapo transpiration from vegetation cover. The process produces upward flux of the water out of the soil. The mechanical effects from the vegetation root responsible for physical interaction with soil structure 5.2.1 Hydrological effects The influence of vegetation cover in soil moisture content in different ways. The rain water evaporates back to atmosphere ultimately reduce the amount of water infiltrate into the soil slope. The vegetation roots extract moisture from the soil and this effects leads to reducing the soil moisture content. The reduction in moisture content in soil, it will help to increase the matrix in unsaturated soil or decrease the pore water pressure condition in saturated soil. Both of this action ultimately improves the soil stability. The vegetations moisture reduction ability is well recognized. The root reinforcement is most important factor, it is generally considered in vegetation effects on slope analysis, thought the recent studies shows the importance of hydrological effects on slopes by Simon Collision (2002). They studied the pore water pressure and matric suction in soil over for one cycle of wet and dry cycle under different vegetation covers. This result shows the significant effec ts of vegetation hydrological effects are soil structure. 5.2.2 Mechanical effects The vegetations root matrix system with high tensile strength can increase the soil confining stress. The soils root reinforcement is described with roots tensile test and adhesional properties. The additional shear strength of soil is given by the plant root bound together with the soil mass by providing additional apparent cohesion of the soil. The slope contain large trees need to consider the weight of the tree. The additional surcharge to the slope may give from larger trees. This surcharge increases the confining stress and down slope force. The surcharge from larger trees could be beneficial or adverse condition depending of the location on soil slope. If the trees located slope toe, the slope stability will be improved due to additional vertical load. On the other hand, if the trees located at upper surface of the slope, hence overall stability reduced due to vertical down slope force Furthermore, the wind loading to larger trees increasing the driving force acting on the slope. In the wind load is sufficiently large it may create the destabilizing moment on the soil slope from larger trees. Larger trees roots penetrate deeper strata and act as stabilizing piles. The effects of surcharge, wind loading and anchoring usually considered only larger trees. 5.3 Vegetation effects on soil slope numerical study In this parametric study, the effect of vegetation on the stability of slope has been investigated using the SLOPE/W software tool. In this study only consider the parameter root cohesion known as apparent root cohesion (CR). This coefficient incorporated with Mohr-Coulomb equation. 5.3.1 Model geometry 20 m 10 m 20 m 10 m 20 m Figure 5. 1 Slope geometry à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  20 kN/m3 c = 15 kPa à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  20 °In this parametric study 10 m height 2:1 homogenous slope (26.57 °) is used to investigate the vegetation effect on stability analysis, as shown in Figure 5.1. The soil properties are as follows: 5.3.2 Vegetation covers arrangement for the numerical model Case Slope geometry Description 01 No vegetation cover 02 1 m height vegetation cover-entire ground surface cohesion 1 kPa to 5 kPa 03 2 m height vegetation cover-entire ground surface cohesion 1 kPa to 5 kPa 04 3 m height vegetation cover-entire ground surface cohesion 1 kPa to 5 kPa 05 vegetation cover only at the slope surface 06 vegetation cover only at the slope surface and upper surface Figure 5. 2 Vegetation covers arrangement for the numerical model 5.3.3 The root cohesion values from previous researchers Source Vegetation, soil type and location Root cohesion c v (kN/m2) Grass and Shrubs Wuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (1984) Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum cymbifolium), Alaska, USA 3.5 7.0 Barker in Hewlett Boulder clay fill (dam embankment) under grass in concrete block reinforced 3.0 5.0 et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1987) cellular spillways, Jackhouse Reservoir, UK Buchanan Savigny * (1990) Understorey vegetation (Alnus, Tsuga, Carex, Polystichum), glacial till soils, Washington, USA 1.6 2.1 Gray  § (1995) Reed fiber (Phragmites communis) in uniform sands, laboratory 40.7 Tobias à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1995) Alopecurus geniculatus, forage meadow, Zurich, Switzerland 9.0 Tobiasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1995) Agrostis stolonifera, forage meadow, Zurich, Switzerland 4.8 5.2 Tobiasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1995) Mixed pioneer grasses (Festuca pratensis, Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis), alpine, Reschenpass, Switzerland 13.4 Tobiasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1995) Poa pratensis (monoculture), Switzerland 7.5 Tobiasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1995) Mixed grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Agrostis stolonifera, Poa annua), forage meadow, Zurich, Switzerland -0.6 2.9 Cazzuffi et al.  § (2006) Elygrass (Elytrigia elongata), Eragrass (Eragrostis curvala), Pangrass (Panicum virgatum), Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), clayey-sandy soil of Plio-Pleistocene age, Altomonto, S. Italy 10.0, 2.0, 4.0, 15.0 Norrisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (2005b) Mixed grasses on London Clay embankment, M25, England ~10.0 van Beek et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Natural understory vegetation (Ulex parviflorus, Crataegus monogyna, 0.5 6.3 (2005) Brachypodium var.) on hill slopes, Almudaina, Spain van Beek et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (2005) Vetiveria zizanoides, terraced hill slope, Almudaina, Spain 7.5 Deciduous and Coniferous trees Endo Tsuruta à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1969) OLoughlin Ziemer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1982) Riestenberg Sovonick-Dunford * (1983) Schmidt et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (2001) Swanston* (1970) OLoughlin* (1974) Ziemer Swanston à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ § (1977) Burroughs Thomas* (1977) Wu et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (1979) Ziemer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1981) Waldron Dakessian*(1981) Gray Megahanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (1981) OLoughlin et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1982) Waldron et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1983) Wu à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (1984) Abe Iwamoto à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (1986) Buchanan Savigny * (1990) Gray  § (1995) Schmidt et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ (2001) van Beak et al. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   (2005) Silt loam soils under alder (Alnus), nursery, Japan Beech (Fagus sp.), forest-soil, New Zealand Bouldery, silty clay colluvium under sugar maple (Acer saccharum) forest, Ohio, USA Industrial deciduous forest, colluvial soil (sandy loam), Oregon, USA Mountain till soils under hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and spruce (Picea sitchensis), Alaska, USA Mountain till soils under conifers (Pseudotsuga menziesii), British Columbia, Canada Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Alaska, USA Mountain and hill soils under coastal Douglas-fir and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), West Oregon and Idaho, USA Mountain till soils under cedar (Thuja plicata), hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and spruce (Picea sitchensis), Alaska, USA Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), coastal sands, California, USA Yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings grown in small containers of clay loam. Sandy loam soils under Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), Idaho,USA Shallow stony loam till soils under mixed evergreen forests, New Zealand Yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) (54 months), laboratory Hemlock (Tsuga sp.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and yellow cedar (Thuja occidentalis), Alaska, USA Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) on loamy sand (Kanto loam), Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan Hemlock (Tsuga sp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga), cedar (Thuja), glacial till soils, Washington, USA Pinus contorta on coastal sand Natural coniferous forest, colluvial soil (sandy loam), Oregon Pinus halepensis, hill slopes, Almudaina, Spain 2.0 12.0 6.6 5.7 6.8 23.2 3.4 4.4 1.0 3.0 3.5 6.0 3.0 17.5 5.9 3.0 21.0 5.0 ~ 10.3 3.3 3.7 6.4 5.6 12.6 1.0 5.0 2.5 3.0 2.3 25.6 94.3 -0.4 18.2 * Back analysis and root density information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   In situ direct shear tests. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Root density information and vertical root model equations. Laboratory shear tests. Table 5. 1 Values of Cv for grasses, shrubs and trees as determined by field, laboratory tests, and mathematical models In this parametric study apparent root cohesion (CR) was varied over the following range: 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ CR à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 5 kPa ; CR à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1 kPa, 2 kPa, 3 kPa , 4 kPa , 5 kPa } Three vegetation root depth zones (hR) were used namely: hR à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1 m, 2 m, 3 m} A C BThe soil slope assumed as homogeneous slope. The case 1 soil slope (no vegetation cover on it) compared with the soil slope with vegetation cover on it. Figure 5. 3 Slope failure plane through slope region 5.3.4 Vegetation layer entire surface The case 2 condition applied the vegetation cover entire surface, the vegetation depth (hR) were 1 m and root cohesion were 1 kPa to 5 kPa. The same root cohesion applied to the case 3 and case 4 conditions. C (kPa) CR (kPa) hR (kPa) FOS Case 1 15 0 0 1.568 Case 2 15 1 1 1.571 15 2 1 1.575 15 3 1 1.579 15 4 1 1.582 15 5 1 1.586 Case 3 15 1 2 1.575 15 2 2 1.583 15 3 2 1.591 15 4 2 1.599 15 5 2 1.605 Case 4 15 1 3 1.580 15 2 3 1.593 15 3 3 1.605 15 4 3 1.618 15 5 3 1.630 Table 5. 2 Slope Analysis results for Case 1, Case 2, Case 3 and Case 4. Vegetation cover plays a significant role in slope stability analysis. The root cohesion experiments from various researchers over the past three decades results are shown in Table 5.1. In this research only consider the grass and shrubs root reinforcement. The apparent root cohesion range is 1 kPa to 5 kPa. If we consider the bigger trees in slopes need to consider its weight for slope stability calculations. The Table 5.2 shows the factor of safety analysis results for different root cohesion for different depths. Figure 5. 4 Different root cohesion (CR ) values for factor of safety for different root depths The analysis carried out with the software tool SLOPE/W. The graph shows the influence of vegetation cover i.e. root cohesion (CR) and its root depth (hR). The soil slope without any vegetation cover (CR = 0 kPa), the factor of safety is 1.570. This result shows the vegetation cover applied entire surface. The factor of safety linearly increase when increase with the root cohesion and root depth. The root cohesion and root depth has linear relationship with slopes factor of safety. 5.3.4 Vegetation layer only at slope surface and upper surface C (kPa) CR (kPa) hR (kPa) FOS FOS Case 6 Case 5 15 1 1 1.571 1.569 15 2 1 1.575 1.572 15 3 1 1.579 1.574 15 4 1 1.582 1.576 15 5 1 1.586 1.578 15 1 2 1.575 1.572 15 2 2 1.583 1.577 15 3 2 1.591 1.581 15 4 2 1.598 1.586 15 5 2 1.605 1.591 Table 5. 3 Slope Analysis results for Case 6 and case 5 The vegetation layer only considered at slope surface and upper surface, analysis carried out with SLOPE/W tool. The case 6 analysis results same as the case 2 and case 3. The results not affect with toe vegetation (section C at Figure 5.3) because failure plane only at section A and B section at Figure 5.3. So only influence with slope vegetation layer and upper surface vegetation layer in this slope analysis. The vegetation layer only at slope surface analysis results (case 6) compared with vegetation only at slope condition (case 5) shows lesser factor of safety values. The slopes upper surface vegetation has considerable influence in slope stability. 5.3.4 Vegetation layer only at toe C (kPa) CR (kPa) hR (kPa) FOS Vegetation layer only at toe 15 1 1 1.568 15 2 1 1.568 15 3 1 1.568 15 4 1 1.568 15 5 1 1.568 15 1 2 1.568 15 2 2 1.568 15 3 2 1.568 15 4 2 1.568 15 5 2 1.568 Table 5. 4 Slope Analysis results for Vegetation layer only at toe The SLOPE/W analysis shows (Table 5.5) for vegetation at toe Figure 5.1 section C. All the results for different depths and different root cohesion values are the same. The failure plane of this analysis only at section A B. So there is no influence with the toe vegetation. If the failure plane goes to section only toe vegetation influence in slope stabilization. 5.3.5 Slope failure plane through toe C B A Figure 5. 5 Slope failure plane through toe CR (kPa) Vegetation at toe hR (kPa) FOS 1 1 1.619 2 1 1.624 3 1 1.628 4 1 1.632 5 1 1.636 1 2 1.621 2 2 1.626 3 2 1.632 4 2 1.637 5 2 1.642 Table 5. 5 Slope Analysis results for failure plane through toe region, Vegetation layer only at toe This slope analysis failure surface was set through slope toe using entry and exit method. The Figure 5.5 shows clearly the failure plane, the failure region cover the entire region (A, B C). The vegetation layer applied at toe region for this analysis. The FOS increase with the increasing root cohesion and root depth, but there is no changes observed from the previous analysis, which is the failure plane only at section B C Figure 5.1. So the vegetation layer influent with the slope failure surface.

The Criminal Justice System Essay -- Criminal Justice

The criminal justice system is composed of three parts – Police, Courts and Corrections – and all three work together to protect an individual’s rights and the rights of society to live without fear of being a victim of crime. According to merriam-webster.com, crime is defined as â€Å"an act that is forbidden or omission of a duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law.† When all the three parts work together, it makes the criminal justice system function like a well tuned machine. In this paper, I propose to talk about how all the three parts of the criminal justice system works and also delve a little bit on the issue of racism in context of the criminal justice system as a lot of people believe that the system most of the times acts keeping the individual’s race in mind. When an individual enters the criminal justice system, it always begins with the police. So in order for police to be involved in any situation, there has to be a crime committed or violation of any law which has been put in place by the government. As the police act as the enforcement agents of these laws, they are the first ones to be involved. There are four steps that police follows when there is a crime – the crime itself, the report of the crime, the investigation of the crime, and the arrest to finish this process – these are the very basic avenues which police follows. We have already established that for the police to be involved, the crime has to be committed. Once the crime is committed, someone has to report about the crime being committed and when the report has been made, the police begin its job and starts investigating that report to determine if a crime have been committed. O... ... Simpson Trial is a real life example of how once the crime is determined, courts follow a fair trial system and then corrections follow. Again, I will take up this example and will try to explain how I think the justice prevailed in this case. Works Cited Schmalleger, F. (2009), Prentice Hall, Publication. Criminal Justice Today: An introductory Text for the 21st century Heather Mac Donald (2008), City Journal, Publication. Article on â€Å"Is criminal justice system racist† Alvarado, A (2008). American Sociological Association. The Industrial Organization of Police Work. Wilson, J.A & Davis, R.C. (2006). Criminology and Public Policy. Good Intentions meet Hard Realities: An Evaluation of Project Green light Reentry Program. Fairchild, H. & Cowan, G (1997). Journal of Social Issues. The O.J. Simpson Trial: Challenges to Science and Society.

Importance of Early American Women Writers Essay -- Anne Bradstreet, P

  Ã‚   What could be said to early American women's writers except, thank you? The first American women's writers opened doors and laid the foundation for future women's writers and readers. Today's women raise children, supervise households, and work outside the home with every modern convenience available, and as you would expect do not find the time to write, except for a grocery list. Early American women raised children and supervised households without the modern conveniences of today and in some way made time to write the first poetry of the "New World." For example, Everette Emerson gives a picture of Anne Bradstreet a housewife who stole hours from sleep for writing gave women American writers their start (4). Different styles of writing emerged from various early American women writers in each century, there by setting a precedent for those that followed. Anne Bradstreet, Phillis Wheatley, Abigail Adams, Hannah Foster, Susanna Rowson, and Louisa May Alcott established new forms of literary styles like poetry, letters, fiction, and novels in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Anne Bradstreet established domestic tradition in American poetry in the 17th century. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) first book of poetry was "The Tenth Muse", with the assistance of her brother-in-law it was published in 1650. "Anne was a Puritan woman of deep spiritual faith, but her highly intelligent and well-educated mind was capable of questioning and even rebellion" (Piercy 17). During the Puritan era of Anne Bradstreet, the idea was one of community and God. According to Katherine M. Rogers, "In her "Prologue," Bradstreet acknowledged that many of her contemporaries thought a needle fitted her hand better than a pen" (Meridian 11.5.2). She rea... ... could be said to early American women's writers except, thank you? Bibliography Elbert, Sarah, ed. Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997. Emerson, Everett. Major Writers of Early American Literature. London: The University of Wisconsin Press, Ltd., 1972. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Third Edition, Volume 1. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Linda Wagner-Martin and Cathy N. Davidson. The Oxford Book of Women's Writing in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Mason Jr., Julian D. The Poems of Phillis Wheatley. The University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Piercy, Josephine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York, Twayne Publishers, 1965. Rogers, Katherine M., ed. The Meridian Anthology of Early American Women Writers. New York: Meridian, 1991.   

Civilization of Ancient Greece

Greece produced classics in almost all genres of creative expression: literature, philosophy, music, the visual arts, and architecture. These classics advanced the aesthetic principles of clarity simplicity, balance, regularity, and harmonious proportion. As a style, Classicism is characterized by these aesthetic principles and by the related ideals of reason, moderation, and dignity (Firer 29). Greek culture is a very original culture in their way of life. A good example is the Parthenon.It towers in height with its beautifully elegant and simple design. It served as a shrine to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war. Many people visit it each year for its history and unique structure. It had a columned design, made marble and realistic lifelike sculptures the first of its kind. Greek architecture has a specific look and feel to it that has been repeated in inspiration of many artists. It has been used as a design for many current structures, including banks, and libraries. The Iliad and the Odyssey are very unique epics that are the first of their kind.During the long period of political and social turmoil that followed, storytellers kept alive the history of early Greece, the adventures of Mycenaean, and the tales of the Trojan War, passing them orally from generation to generation (32). It was not until at least the ninth century B. C. E. That these stories were transcribed; and it was yet another three hundred years before they reached their present form. They became â€Å"national† poems of ancient Greece, uniting Greek-speaking people by giving literary authority to their common heritage (33).They tell stories that the Greeks held close and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for Inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught In high school In basic literature classes. They carry lessons that we use In today's culture; for example, the concepts that everyone makes mistakes (even heroes), to follow directi ons, loyalty, and to never give up or let go for the ones that you love. All of these life lessons are very Important In our culture today. Work Cited Hero, Gloria K. Landmarks In Humanities. D deed. New York. McGraw Hill, 2013. Print Civilization of Ancient Greece By pleasantries and wanted to last forever within their culture. These are even used for inspiration today in writing and poetry. Both are also taught in high school in basic literature classes.